Actual compact localization of the same weighted weak resolvent
AutoSamplingTheory.TechnicalLemmas.FunctionalInequalities.LocalizedWeakResolvent.localized_weak_resolvent · theorem · Teaching coverage
Mathematical statement
For the exact normalized Gibbs mu, original closable D fixed before epsilon/forcing, construct the actual resolvent u in D.closure.domain. Retain the actual all-domain variational equation, ordinary locally integrable u/G, all C1 compact directional weak-gradient tests, squared local integrability of r=epsilon*u+inner(grad W,G)-f, compact-volume L2 of u/G/r and every C2 original distribution test. For every C2 compact chi define v=chi*u, Gchi=chi*G+u*grad chi, Fchi=chi*r+2 inner(grad chi,G)+u Delta chi. Prove genuine global-volume L2 of v/Gchi/Fchi and each topological support contained in tsupport chi. For every C1 compact psi/direction a both weak-gradient products are L1 with integral psi inner(Gchi,a)=-integral v Dpsi[a]. For every C2 compact phi both PDE products are L1 with integral v Delta phi=integral Fchi phi. The same u is chosen before all cutoffs; only smooth test/cutoff functions have classical derivatives.
Lean statement · localized_weak_resolvent
For the exact normalized Gibbs mu, original closable D fixed before epsilon/forcing, construct the actual resolvent u in D.closure.domain. Retain the actual all-domain variational equation, ordinary locally integrable u/G, all C1 compact directional weak-gradient tests, squared local integrability of r=epsilon*u+inner(grad W,G)-f, compact-volume L2 of u/G/r and every C2 original distribution test. For every C2 compact chi define v=chi*u, Gchi=chi*G+u*grad chi, Fchi=chi*r+2 inner(grad chi,G)+u Delta chi. Prove genuine global-volume L2 of v/Gchi/Fchi and each topological support contained in tsupport chi. For every C1 compact psi/direction a both weak-gradient products are L1 with integral psi inner(Gchi,a)=-integral v Dpsi[a]. For every C2 compact phi both PDE products are L1 with integral v Delta phi=integral Fchi phi. The same u is chosen before all cutoffs; only smooth test/cutoff functions have classical derivatives.
Braces mark parameters Lean can infer; square brackets request structures such as a measurable space or probability measure. Named hypotheses are mathematical premises, not facts established by this declaration. Section parameters are described in the mathematical hypotheses above; the module link retains their exact source context.
theorem localized_weak_resolvent (W : E → ℝ) (hW : ContDiff ℝ 1 W)
(hI : Integrable (fun x => Real.exp (-W x))) :
let μ := (volume : Measure E).tilted (fun x => -W x)
∀ (D : Lp ℝ 2 μ →ₗ.[ℝ] Lp E 2 μ), D.IsClosable →
(∀ (a : Lp ℝ 2 μ) (H : Lp E 2 μ), (a,H) ∈ D.graph ↔
∃ φ : E → ℝ, ContDiff ℝ ∞ φ ∧ HasCompactSupport φ ∧
a =ᵐ[μ] φ ∧ H =ᵐ[μ] gradient φ) →
∀ (ε : ℝ), 0 < ε → ∀ f : Lp ℝ 2 μ,
∃ u : D.closure.domain,
(∀ v : D.closure.domain,
ε * ⟪(u : Lp ℝ 2 μ), (v : Lp ℝ 2 μ)⟫ +
⟪D.closure u, D.closure v⟫ = ⟪f, (v : Lp ℝ 2 μ)⟫) ∧
LocallyIntegrable (fun x => (u : Lp ℝ 2 μ) x) ∧
LocallyIntegrable (fun x => D.closure u x) ∧
(∀ ψ : E → ℝ, ContDiff ℝ 1 ψ → HasCompactSupport ψ → ∀ v : E,
Integrable (fun x => ψ x * inner ℝ (D.closure u x) v) ∧
Integrable (fun x => (u : Lp ℝ 2 μ) x * fderiv ℝ ψ x v) ∧
(∫ x, ψ x * inner ℝ (D.closure u x) v) =
- ∫ x, (u : Lp ℝ 2 μ) x * fderiv ℝ ψ x v) ∧
LocallyIntegrable (fun x => ‖ε * (u : Lp ℝ 2 μ) x +
inner ℝ (gradient W x) (D.closure u x) - f x‖ ^ 2) ∧
(∀ K : Set E, IsCompact K →
MemLp (fun x => (u : Lp ℝ 2 μ) x) 2 (volume.restrict K) ∧
MemLp (fun x => D.closure u x) 2 (volume.restrict K) ∧
MemLp (fun x => ε * (u : Lp ℝ 2 μ) x +
inner ℝ (gradient W x) (D.closure u x) - f x) 2 (volume.restrict K)) ∧
(∀ φ : E → ℝ, ContDiff ℝ 2 φ → HasCompactSupport φ →
Integrable (fun x => (u : Lp ℝ 2 μ) x * Laplacian.laplacian φ x) ∧
Integrable (fun x => (ε * (u : Lp ℝ 2 μ) x +
inner ℝ (gradient W x) (D.closure u x) - f x) * φ x) ∧
(∫ x, (u : Lp ℝ 2 μ) x * Laplacian.laplacian φ x) =
∫ x, (ε * (u : Lp ℝ 2 μ) x +
inner ℝ (gradient W x) (D.closure u x) - f x) * φ x) ∧
∀ χ : E → ℝ, ContDiff ℝ 2 χ → HasCompactSupport χ →
let v := fun x => χ x * (u : Lp ℝ 2 μ) x
let Gχ := fun x => χ x • D.closure u x + (u : Lp ℝ 2 μ) x • gradient χ x
let Fχ := fun x => χ x * (ε * (u : Lp ℝ 2 μ) x + inner ℝ (gradient W x) (D.closure u x) - f x) + 2 * inner ℝ (gradient χ x) (D.closure u x) +
(u : Lp ℝ 2 μ) x * Laplacian.laplacian χ x
MemLp v 2 volume ∧ MemLp Gχ 2 volume ∧ MemLp Fχ 2 volume ∧
tsupport v ⊆ tsupport χ ∧ tsupport Gχ ⊆ tsupport χ ∧ tsupport Fχ ⊆ tsupport χ ∧
(∀ ψ : E → ℝ, ContDiff ℝ 1 ψ → HasCompactSupport ψ → ∀ a : E,
Integrable (fun x => ψ x * inner ℝ (Gχ x) a) ∧
Integrable (fun x => v x * fderiv ℝ ψ x a) ∧
(∫ x, ψ x * inner ℝ (Gχ x) a) = -∫ x, v x * fderiv ℝ ψ x a) ∧
∀ φ : E → ℝ, ContDiff ℝ 2 φ → HasCompactSupport φ →
Integrable (fun x => v x * Laplacian.laplacian φ x) ∧
Integrable (fun x => Fχ x * φ x) ∧
(∫ x, v x * Laplacian.laplacian φ x) = ∫ x, Fχ x * φ xProof roadmap
- 1Choose the same real solution before every cutoff
Use the canonical ordinary resolvent producer for the exact Gibbs law and original D. Retain its all-domain variational identity, ordinary gradient/PDE and actual compact-volume L2 of u/G/r. Choose this u once, before quantifying over chi; no cutoff-specific replacement solution or supplied final localized equation is introduced.
- 2Derive derivative support and global L2
The actual Frechet derivative support is contained in tsupport chi; its second derivative and finite-basis Laplacian vanish outside that set too. C2 makes grad chi and Delta chi continuous. Bound their norms only on K=tsupport chi. Actual restricted a.e. measurability and MemLp domination yield the localized scalar/vector/drift L2 on K, then the proven indicator equality and memLp_indicator_iff_restrict give global-volume L2. All three topological supports lie in K. This step does not infer global L1 from global L2.
- 3Prove the first weak product rule with legal terms
Test the original ordinary weak gradient at chi*psi. Actual Frechet multiplication gives D(chi psi)=chi Dpsi+psi Dchi. Each separate product is L1, using the parent compact-test integrability and the continuous compact multiplier in L infinity. Riesz identifies Dchi[a]=inner(grad chi,a). After legal integral addition, cancel the u psi Dchi term to obtain the localized gradient identity.
- 4Compute the actual second test product and cross identity
Differentiate the first product again; true C2 second derivatives and finite orthonormal-basis trace give Delta(chi phi)=chi Delta phi+2 inner(grad chi,grad phi)+phi Delta chi. For each b_i test the original weak gradient at phi Dchi[b_i], genuinely C1 compact. Every summand and individual split is L1 using local integrability and continuous compact coefficients before finite sum/integral exchange. Empty sums retain dimension zero.
- 5Derive the localized PDE with the exact coefficient2
Use the original PDE at chi*phi and the preceding product formula. Prove L1 of chi*u*Delta phi, chi*r*phi, the cross term and u*phi*Delta chi individually. Borel normalization merely identifies the given Borel measurable structure with the canonical one; function algebra is normalized without changing the measure. Legal integral splitting and the cross identity yield the positive coefficient2 and positive u Delta chi term in Fchi, with both final tested products integrable.
- 6Retain only the proven compact-localization boundary
Return the same parent witnesses and all original identities, together with every cutoff result. The ordinary gradient of v is not asserted to equal D.closure applied to v: no membership of v in that weighted closure-domain is proved here. The compact-to-Schwartz/tempered adapter, local H2, global weighted core/Bochner and functional inequalities still need their own producers.
Full assumptions and notation
All objects and hypotheses
- E is a finite-dimensional real Hilbert space with Borel measurable structure and canonical full-space volume, including dimension zero. W is C1, exp(-W) is integrable, and mu is exactly volume.tilted(-W).
- D is the original closable partial gradient on L2(mu), with graph exactly compact smooth scalar representatives and their genuine gradients modulo mu-a.e. D is fixed before epsilon>0 and forcing f in L2(mu). The genuine solution u/G/r and all local volume facts are derived, not supplied.
- For every C2 real cutoff chi with compact topological support, the same u chosen before all chi yields explicit v=chi*u, Gchi=chi*G+u*grad chi and Fchi=chi*r+2 inner(grad chi,G)+u Delta chi. Neither sign, normalized mass, compact derivative bounds nor localized PDE/H2 certificate is assumed. All localized L2 and test integrals use volume; variational identities use L2(mu).
Mathematical proof
1. Choose the same real solution before every cutoff
Use the canonical ordinary resolvent producer for the exact Gibbs law and original D. Retain its all-domain variational identity, ordinary gradient/PDE and actual compact-volume L2 of u/G/r. Choose this u once, before quantifying over chi; no cutoff-specific replacement solution or supplied final localized equation is introduced.
Corresponding Lean step
OrdinaryWeakResolvent.weak_resolvent_laplacian; localized_weak_resolvent
2. Derive derivative support and global L2
The actual Frechet derivative support is contained in tsupport chi; its second derivative and finite-basis Laplacian vanish outside that set too. C2 makes grad chi and Delta chi continuous. Bound their norms only on K=tsupport chi. Actual restricted a.e. measurability and MemLp domination yield the localized scalar/vector/drift L2 on K, then the proven indicator equality and memLp_indicator_iff_restrict give global-volume L2. All three topological supports lie in K. This step does not infer global L1 from global L2.
Corresponding Lean step
compact_smul_memLp; compact_smul_right_memLp; compact_inner_memLp; cutoff_rhs_memLp; cutoff_supports
3. Prove the first weak product rule with legal terms
Test the original ordinary weak gradient at chi*psi. Actual Frechet multiplication gives D(chi psi)=chi Dpsi+psi Dchi. Each separate product is L1, using the parent compact-test integrability and the continuous compact multiplier in L infinity. Riesz identifies Dchi[a]=inner(grad chi,a). After legal integral addition, cancel the u psi Dchi term to obtain the localized gradient identity.
Corresponding Lean step
first_product; cutoff_weak_gradient; Integrable.mul_of_top_right; integral_add
4. Compute the actual second test product and cross identity
Differentiate the first product again; true C2 second derivatives and finite orthonormal-basis trace give Delta(chi phi)=chi Delta phi+2 inner(grad chi,grad phi)+phi Delta chi. For each b_i test the original weak gradient at phi Dchi[b_i], genuinely C1 compact. Every summand and individual split is L1 using local integrability and continuous compact coefficients before finite sum/integral exchange. Empty sums retain dimension zero.
Corresponding Lean step
directional_second; second_product; laplacian_trace; laplacian_product; cutoff_cross_identity; integral_finsetSum
5. Derive the localized PDE with the exact coefficient2
Use the original PDE at chi*phi and the preceding product formula. Prove L1 of chi*u*Delta phi, chi*r*phi, the cross term and u*phi*Delta chi individually. Borel normalization merely identifies the given Borel measurable structure with the canonical one; function algebra is normalized without changing the measure. Legal integral splitting and the cross identity yield the positive coefficient2 and positive u Delta chi term in Fchi, with both final tested products integrable.
Corresponding Lean step
cutoff_weak_pde; localize_weak_poisson; integral_add; integral_const_mul
6. Retain only the proven compact-localization boundary
Return the same parent witnesses and all original identities, together with every cutoff result. The ordinary gradient of v is not asserted to equal D.closure applied to v: no membership of v in that weighted closure-domain is proved here. The compact-to-Schwartz/tempered adapter, local H2, global weighted core/Bochner and functional inequalities still need their own producers.
Corresponding Lean step
localized_weak_resolvent
Lean verification
The exact proof begins folded immediately after the mathematical argument; the statement is folded beside the claim above.
Lean proof · localized_weak_resolvent
Choose the same real solution before every cutoff; Derive derivative support and global L2; Prove the first weak product rule with legal terms; Compute the actual second test product and cross identity; Derive the localized PDE with the exact coefficient2; Retain only the proven compact-localization boundary
Braces mark parameters Lean can infer; square brackets request structures such as a measurable space or probability measure. Named hypotheses are mathematical premises, not facts established by this declaration. Section parameters are described in the mathematical hypotheses above; the module link retains their exact source context.
theorem localized_weak_resolvent (W : E → ℝ) (hW : ContDiff ℝ 1 W)
(hI : Integrable (fun x => Real.exp (-W x))) :
let μ := (volume : Measure E).tilted (fun x => -W x)
∀ (D : Lp ℝ 2 μ →ₗ.[ℝ] Lp E 2 μ), D.IsClosable →
(∀ (a : Lp ℝ 2 μ) (H : Lp E 2 μ), (a,H) ∈ D.graph ↔
∃ φ : E → ℝ, ContDiff ℝ ∞ φ ∧ HasCompactSupport φ ∧
a =ᵐ[μ] φ ∧ H =ᵐ[μ] gradient φ) →
∀ (ε : ℝ), 0 < ε → ∀ f : Lp ℝ 2 μ,
∃ u : D.closure.domain,
(∀ v : D.closure.domain,
ε * ⟪(u : Lp ℝ 2 μ), (v : Lp ℝ 2 μ)⟫ +
⟪D.closure u, D.closure v⟫ = ⟪f, (v : Lp ℝ 2 μ)⟫) ∧
LocallyIntegrable (fun x => (u : Lp ℝ 2 μ) x) ∧
LocallyIntegrable (fun x => D.closure u x) ∧
(∀ ψ : E → ℝ, ContDiff ℝ 1 ψ → HasCompactSupport ψ → ∀ v : E,
Integrable (fun x => ψ x * inner ℝ (D.closure u x) v) ∧
Integrable (fun x => (u : Lp ℝ 2 μ) x * fderiv ℝ ψ x v) ∧
(∫ x, ψ x * inner ℝ (D.closure u x) v) =
- ∫ x, (u : Lp ℝ 2 μ) x * fderiv ℝ ψ x v) ∧
LocallyIntegrable (fun x => ‖ε * (u : Lp ℝ 2 μ) x +
inner ℝ (gradient W x) (D.closure u x) - f x‖ ^ 2) ∧
(∀ K : Set E, IsCompact K →
MemLp (fun x => (u : Lp ℝ 2 μ) x) 2 (volume.restrict K) ∧
MemLp (fun x => D.closure u x) 2 (volume.restrict K) ∧
MemLp (fun x => ε * (u : Lp ℝ 2 μ) x +
inner ℝ (gradient W x) (D.closure u x) - f x) 2 (volume.restrict K)) ∧
(∀ φ : E → ℝ, ContDiff ℝ 2 φ → HasCompactSupport φ →
Integrable (fun x => (u : Lp ℝ 2 μ) x * Laplacian.laplacian φ x) ∧
Integrable (fun x => (ε * (u : Lp ℝ 2 μ) x +
inner ℝ (gradient W x) (D.closure u x) - f x) * φ x) ∧
(∫ x, (u : Lp ℝ 2 μ) x * Laplacian.laplacian φ x) =
∫ x, (ε * (u : Lp ℝ 2 μ) x +
inner ℝ (gradient W x) (D.closure u x) - f x) * φ x) ∧
∀ χ : E → ℝ, ContDiff ℝ 2 χ → HasCompactSupport χ →
let v := fun x => χ x * (u : Lp ℝ 2 μ) x
let Gχ := fun x => χ x • D.closure u x + (u : Lp ℝ 2 μ) x • gradient χ x
let Fχ := fun x => χ x * (ε * (u : Lp ℝ 2 μ) x + inner ℝ (gradient W x) (D.closure u x) - f x) + 2 * inner ℝ (gradient χ x) (D.closure u x) +
(u : Lp ℝ 2 μ) x * Laplacian.laplacian χ x
MemLp v 2 volume ∧ MemLp Gχ 2 volume ∧ MemLp Fχ 2 volume ∧
tsupport v ⊆ tsupport χ ∧ tsupport Gχ ⊆ tsupport χ ∧ tsupport Fχ ⊆ tsupport χ ∧
(∀ ψ : E → ℝ, ContDiff ℝ 1 ψ → HasCompactSupport ψ → ∀ a : E,
Integrable (fun x => ψ x * inner ℝ (Gχ x) a) ∧
Integrable (fun x => v x * fderiv ℝ ψ x a) ∧
(∫ x, ψ x * inner ℝ (Gχ x) a) = -∫ x, v x * fderiv ℝ ψ x a) ∧
∀ φ : E → ℝ, ContDiff ℝ 2 φ → HasCompactSupport φ →
Integrable (fun x => v x * Laplacian.laplacian φ x) ∧
Integrable (fun x => Fχ x * φ x) ∧
(∫ x, v x * Laplacian.laplacian φ x) = ∫ x, Fχ x * φ x := by
let μ := (volume : Measure E).tilted (fun x => -W x)
dsimp only
intro D hD hgraph ε hε f
obtain ⟨u,hu,huL,hGL,hd,hr2,hl,hp⟩ :=
AutoSamplingTheory.TechnicalLemmas.FunctionalInequalities.OrdinaryWeakResolvent.weak_resolvent_laplacian W hW hI D hD hgraph ε hε f
refine ⟨u,hu,huL,hGL,hd,hr2,hl,hp,?_⟩
intro χ hχ hc
exact localize_weak_poisson (fun x => (u : Lp ℝ 2 μ) x)
(fun x => ε * (u : Lp ℝ 2 μ) x + inner ℝ (gradient W x) (D.closure u x) - f x)
(fun x => D.closure u x) huL hl hd hp χ hχ hc
end AutoSamplingTheory.TechnicalLemmas.FunctionalInequalities.LocalizedWeakResolventSource assumptions versus formal assumptions
| Source | Actual Lean | Difference kind | Why it matters |
|---|---|---|---|
| Source Euclidean C2 positive-curvature Gibbs conditional route. | E is a finite-dimensional real Hilbert space with Borel measurable structure and canonical full-space volume, including dimension zero. W is C1, exp(-W) is integrable, and mu is exactly volume.tilted(-W). D is the original closable partial gradient on L2(mu), with graph exactly compact smooth scalar representatives and their genuine gradients modulo mu-a.e. D is fixed before epsilon>0 and forcing f in L2(mu). The genuine solution u/G/r and all local volume facts are derived, not supplied. For every C2 real cutoff chi with compact topological support, the same u chosen before all chi yields explicit v=chi*u, Gchi=chi*G+u*grad chi and Fchi=chi*r+2 inner(grad chi,G)+u Delta chi. Neither sign, normalized mass, compact derivative bounds nor localized PDE/H2 certificate is assumed. All localized L2 and test integrals use volume; variational identities use L2(mu). | generalization | Shared C1 W, C2 compact cutoffs/tests, finite Hilbert/Borel/zero dimension disclosed; actual source V C2/alpha beta/eta cap/reflected density unchanged. |
| AppendixC.1 compact-to-H1 analytic details omitted; compact localization not a quoted numbered theorem. | For the exact normalized Gibbs mu, original closable D fixed before epsilon/forcing, construct the actual resolvent u in D.closure.domain. Retain the actual all-domain variational equation, ordinary locally integrable u/G, all C1 compact directional weak-gradient tests, squared local integrability of r=epsilon*u+inner(grad W,G)-f, compact-volume L2 of u/G/r and every C2 original distribution test. For every C2 compact chi define v=chi*u, Gchi=chi*G+u*grad chi, Fchi=chi*r+2 inner(grad chi,G)+u Delta chi. Prove genuine global-volume L2 of v/Gchi/Fchi and each topological support contained in tsupport chi. For every C1 compact psi/direction a both weak-gradient products are L1 with integral psi inner(Gchi,a)=-integral v Dpsi[a]. For every C2 compact phi both PDE products are L1 with integral v Delta phi=integral Fchi phi. The same u is chosen before all cutoffs; only smooth test/cutoff functions have classical derivatives. | source-implicit | Actually derive supports/global volume L2 and weak first/second cutoff products with exact cross coefficient2; no supplied localized PDE, weighted-domain membership or H2/core certificate. |
| Source conditional Poincare/macroscopic H1 extension; SPHMC4.1 BL bound. | Same actual original D/u/G/r, one u before all C2 compact chi: derive actual compact support/global volume L2 of chi*u, chi*G+u*gradchi, chi*r+2<gradchi,G>+u*Delta chi, all C1 compact weak-gradient and C2 compact distribution PDE with every L1 term legal. No localized weighted closure-domain membership, H2, Schwartz/tempered adapter, global core/Bochner, BL/Poincare, epsilon0, noncompact domain, measurable y-selector or either main/composition. Reflected/RGO law/scale remain distinct; TV never transfers unbounded expected cost. | unresolved | This is only the actual compact-localization/global-L2 weak-PDE edge. Reflected/RGO operator adapter, H2/core/Bochner, BL/Poincare/full papers remain independent. |
Same actual original D/u/G/r, one u before all C2 compact chi: derive actual compact support/global volume L2 of chi*u, chi*G+u*gradchi, chi*r+2<gradchi,G>+u*Delta chi, all C1 compact weak-gradient and C2 compact distribution PDE with every L1 term legal. No localized weighted closure-domain membership, H2, Schwartz/tempered adapter, global core/Bochner, BL/Poincare, epsilon0, noncompact domain, measurable y-selector or either main/composition. Reflected/RGO law/scale remain distinct; TV never transfers unbounded expected cost.
Encoder–denoiser: accepted · equivalent-after-elaboration
A generalization is not a source correction. Proposed missing conditions require separate independent repair review. No proposed repair silently changes the original theorem.
Scope and omitted-condition boundaries
- Same actual original D/u/G/r, one u before all C2 compact chi: derive actual compact support/global volume L2 of chi*u, chi*G+u*gradchi, chi*r+2<gradchi,G>+u*Delta chi, all C1 compact weak-gradient and C2 compact distribution PDE with every L1 term legal. No localized weighted closure-domain membership, H2, Schwartz/tempered adapter, global core/Bochner, BL/Poincare, epsilon0, noncompact domain, measurable y-selector or either main/composition. Reflected/RGO law/scale remain distinct; TV never transfers unbounded expected cost.
Sources, dependencies, and reuse
Source and reuse
Samplinglib parents called
Mathlib API called (external library)
- MemLp.of_le_mul
- memLp_indicator_iff_restrict
- tsupport_fderiv_subset
- HasCompactSupport.fderiv_apply
- HasFDerivAt.mul
- stdOrthonormalBasis
- iteratedFDeriv_two_apply
- LocallyIntegrable.integrable_smul_right_of_hasCompactSupport
- integral_finsetSum
- integral_add
- integral_const_mul
Mathematical sources
- PBPS AppendixC.1 omitted analytic prerequisite — Same actual original D/u/G/r, one u before all C2 compact chi: derive actual compact support/global volume L2 of chi*u, chi*G+u*gradchi, chi*r+2<gradchi,G>+u*Delta chi, all C1 compact weak-gradient and C2 compact distribution PDE with every L1 term legal. No localized weighted closure-domain membership, H2, Schwartz/tempered adapter, global core/Bochner, BL/Poincare, epsilon0, noncompact domain, measurable y-selector or either main/composition. Reflected/RGO law/scale remain distinct; TV never transfers unbounded expected cost.
Samplinglib prose is not a quotation or a source-equivalence certificate. Definitions and aliases are explained as constructions, not counted as new mathematical proofs.